React 19 foundation: run tests against 19, then drop React 16/17

[tyler-reitz]

Tracking issue for the v5 React 19 foundation. Two PRs, in this order.

Why this is first

Every other v5 cluster sits on top of it, and one half of it is a gap rather than a migration: CI type-checks React 19 but has never executed a test against it. The type-check job carries matrix.react: ["18","19"]; the test job's matrix is Node versions only, and the lockfile resolves React 18.2.0. So executed coverage on 19 is zero today.

PR 1: React 19 as an executed test job (CI only)

Adds a react dimension to the test job so the suite actually runs on 19.

This lands first and alone, before any src/ change. The use-sync-external-store shim delegates to React.useSyncExternalStore when it exists, so the suite runs on React 19 with the shim still in place. That gives a measured baseline to compare against once the shim is deleted, instead of changing the runtime and the dependency in one step.

⚠️ Not a one-line matrix addition. The test job currently matrixes node: [22, 24] only. Adding a react dimension doubles the emulator jobs from two to four, each with its own Java setup and emulator cache.

⚠️ That interacts with #776. The firestore flake sits at 7.5% per full-suite run, so doubling the emulator jobs roughly doubles per-PR exposure to a red job. Deliberately not putting a number on it: contention is the suspected mechanism, so the jobs are correlated rather than independent, and multiplying the rate would overstate the precision. This argues for #787's timing data landing before the matrix widens.

Reviewable by anyone; no src/ change, no API surface.

PR 2: drop React 16/17

One PR, one review:

• peerDependencies.react: >=16 || experimental becomes ^18 || ^19
• delete the use-sync-external-store shim and its dependency
• drop the 16/17 entries from the CI matrix

Splitting these buys a second review round trip on what is a single decision.

Acceptance

• peerDependencies.react reads ^18 || ^19
• use-sync-external-store is absent from package.json
• the test job runs on React 19 and is green, with the shim gone

Notes

• The use() suspend-gate swap is out of scope. Spiked: it is a behavioural no-op on React 19.2.8 and React 19 emits no warning for the current throw form, so there is no deprecation pressure and no reason to bundle it here.
• Related to Tests that keep passing when the code they cover is broken #788. "CI type-checks React 19 but never runs a test against it" is a live instance of the pattern that issue collects: a check that passes while measuring nothing. Tests that keep passing when the code they cover is broken #788 currently has no example attached to it.
• The React floor is ^18 || ^19, not 19-only. Dropping 18 is not part of this.