diff --git a/.changeset/anchored-position-scroll-recalculation.md b/.changeset/anchored-position-scroll-recalculation.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e29a6819a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/anchored-position-scroll-recalculation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@primer/react': patch
+---
+
+useAnchoredPosition: recalculate overlay position when any scrollable ancestor (or the window) is scrolled.
diff --git a/packages/react/src/AnchoredOverlay/AnchoredOverlay.dev.stories.tsx b/packages/react/src/AnchoredOverlay/AnchoredOverlay.dev.stories.tsx
index 1d79a4569c6..3a9a149b282 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/AnchoredOverlay/AnchoredOverlay.dev.stories.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/AnchoredOverlay/AnchoredOverlay.dev.stories.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import React, {useState} from 'react'
 import {Button} from '../Button'
 import {AnchoredOverlay} from '.'
 import {Stack} from '../Stack'
-import {Dialog, Spinner} from '..'
+import {Dialog, Spinner, Text} from '..'
 
 const meta = {
   title: 'Components/AnchoredOverlay/Dev',
@@ -59,6 +59,128 @@ export const RepositionAfterContentGrows = () => {
   )
 }
 
+export const ScrollRecalculation = () => {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <Stack gap="normal" style={{padding: '16px', marginBottom: '16px'}}>
+        <Text as="p" style={{fontWeight: 'bold'}}>
+          How to test (scrollable container):
+        </Text>
+        <Text as="p">
+          1. Scroll down inside the bordered box until you see the &quot;Open overlay&quot; button
+          <br />
+          2. Click the button to open the overlay
+          <br />
+          3. Scroll inside the box again
+          <br />
+          4. <strong>Expected:</strong> the overlay stays visually attached to the button
+          <br />
+          5. <strong>Bug (without fix):</strong> the overlay stays at its initial absolute position and detaches from
+          the button
+        </Text>
+      </Stack>
+
+      <div
+        style={{
+          height: '400px',
+          overflow: 'auto',
+          border: '1px solid var(--borderColor-default, #d1d9e0)',
+          borderRadius: 'var(--borderRadius-medium)',
+          position: 'relative',
+        }}
+      >
+        {/* Spacer to push button below the fold */}
+        <div style={{height: '600px', padding: '16px'}}>
+          <Text as="p" style={{color: 'var(--fgColor-muted)'}}>
+            ↓ Scroll down to find the trigger button
+          </Text>
+        </div>
+
+        <div style={{padding: '16px'}}>
+          <AnchoredOverlay
+            open={open}
+            onOpen={() => setOpen(true)}
+            onClose={() => setOpen(false)}
+            renderAnchor={props => <Button {...props}>Open overlay</Button>}
+            overlayProps={{
+              role: 'dialog',
+              'aria-modal': true,
+              'aria-label': 'Scroll recalculation demo',
+            }}
+            focusZoneSettings={{disabled: true}}
+            preventOverflow={false}
+          >
+            <div style={{padding: '16px', width: '240px'}}>
+              <Text as="p">This overlay should stay attached to the button as you scroll.</Text>
+            </div>
+          </AnchoredOverlay>
+        </div>
+
+        {/* Spacer below the button so there's room to scroll further */}
+        <div style={{height: '800px'}} />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
+export const WindowScrollRecalculation = () => {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <Stack gap="normal" style={{padding: '16px'}}>
+        <Text as="p" style={{fontWeight: 'bold'}}>
+          How to test (window scroll):
+        </Text>
+        <Text as="p">
+          1. Scroll down the page until you see the &quot;Open overlay&quot; button
+          <br />
+          2. Click the button to open the overlay
+          <br />
+          3. Scroll the page again
+          <br />
+          4. <strong>Expected:</strong> the overlay stays visually attached to the button
+          <br />
+          5. <strong>Bug (without fix):</strong> the overlay stays at its initial absolute position and detaches from
+          the button
+        </Text>
+      </Stack>
+
+      {/* Spacer to push button below the fold */}
+      <div style={{height: '120vh', padding: '16px'}}>
+        <Text as="p" style={{color: 'var(--fgColor-muted)'}}>
+          ↓ Scroll down to find the trigger button
+        </Text>
+      </div>
+
+      <div style={{padding: '16px'}}>
+        <AnchoredOverlay
+          open={open}
+          onOpen={() => setOpen(true)}
+          onClose={() => setOpen(false)}
+          renderAnchor={props => <Button {...props}>Open overlay</Button>}
+          overlayProps={{
+            role: 'dialog',
+            'aria-modal': true,
+            'aria-label': 'Window scroll recalculation demo',
+          }}
+          focusZoneSettings={{disabled: true}}
+          preventOverflow={false}
+        >
+          <div style={{padding: '16px', width: '240px'}}>
+            <Text as="p">This overlay should stay attached to the button as you scroll the page.</Text>
+          </div>
+        </AnchoredOverlay>
+      </div>
+
+      {/* Spacer below the button so there's room to scroll further */}
+      <div style={{height: '120vh'}} />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
 export const RepositionAfterContentGrowsWithinDialog = () => {
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
diff --git a/packages/react/src/hooks/__tests__/useAnchoredPosition.test.tsx b/packages/react/src/hooks/__tests__/useAnchoredPosition.test.tsx
index d894305aa18..258db5ec4bb 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/hooks/__tests__/useAnchoredPosition.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/react/src/hooks/__tests__/useAnchoredPosition.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import {render, waitFor} from '@testing-library/react'
-import {it, expect, vi} from 'vitest'
+import {render, waitFor, act} from '@testing-library/react'
+import {it, expect, vi, describe} from 'vitest'
 import React from 'react'
 import {useAnchoredPosition} from '../../hooks/useAnchoredPosition'
 
@@ -34,3 +34,74 @@ it('should should return a position', async () => {
   `)
   })
 })
+
+describe('scroll recalculation', () => {
+  it('should recalculate position when window scrolls', async () => {
+    const cb = vi.fn()
+    render(<Component callback={cb} />)
+
+    // Wait for initial position calculation to stabilise
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    })
+
+    // Wait a tick to let any pending effects settle
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))
+    const callCountBefore = cb.mock.calls.length
+
+    // Simulate a window scroll event
+    act(() => {
+      window.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
+    })
+
+    // Wait for rAF-throttled handler to fire and trigger re-render
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))
+
+    expect(cb.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(callCountBefore)
+  })
+
+  it('should recalculate position when a scrollable ancestor scrolls', async () => {
+    const ScrollableComponent = ({
+      callback,
+    }: {
+      callback: (hookReturnValue: ReturnType<typeof useAnchoredPosition>) => void
+    }) => {
+      const floatingElementRef = React.useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+      const anchorElementRef = React.useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+      callback(useAnchoredPosition({floatingElementRef, anchorElementRef}))
+      return (
+        <div style={{overflow: 'auto', height: '200px'}}>
+          <div style={{height: '1000px'}}>
+            <div
+              style={{position: 'absolute', top: '20px', left: '20px', height: '50px', width: '50px'}}
+              ref={floatingElementRef}
+            />
+            <div ref={anchorElementRef} />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )
+    }
+
+    const cb = vi.fn()
+    const {container} = render(<ScrollableComponent callback={cb} />)
+
+    await waitFor(() => {
+      expect(cb).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    })
+
+    // Wait a tick to let any pending effects settle
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))
+    const callCountBefore = cb.mock.calls.length
+    const scrollContainer = container.firstElementChild!
+
+    // Simulate scroll on the scrollable ancestor
+    act(() => {
+      scrollContainer.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'))
+    })
+
+    // Wait for rAF-throttled handler to fire and trigger re-render
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50))
+
+    expect(cb.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(callCountBefore)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/react/src/hooks/useAnchoredPosition.ts b/packages/react/src/hooks/useAnchoredPosition.ts
index 32777aad1d7..7d89bdfd595 100644
--- a/packages/react/src/hooks/useAnchoredPosition.ts
+++ b/packages/react/src/hooks/useAnchoredPosition.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,27 @@ import {useProvidedRefOrCreate} from './useProvidedRefOrCreate'
 import {useResizeObserver} from './useResizeObserver'
 import useLayoutEffect from '../utils/useIsomorphicLayoutEffect'
 
+/**
+ * Returns all scrollable ancestor elements of the given element, plus the window.
+ * An element is scrollable if its computed overflow/overflow-x/overflow-y is
+ * 'auto', 'scroll', or 'overlay'.
+ */
+function getScrollableAncestors(element: Element): Array<Element | Window> {
+  const scrollables: Array<Element | Window> = []
+  let current = element.parentElement
+  while (current) {
+    const style = getComputedStyle(current)
+    const overflowY = style.overflowY
+    const overflowX = style.overflowX
+    if (/auto|scroll|overlay/.test(overflowY) || /auto|scroll|overlay/.test(overflowX)) {
+      scrollables.push(current)
+    }
+    current = current.parentElement
+  }
+  scrollables.push(window)
+  return scrollables
+}
+
 export interface AnchoredPositionHookSettings extends Partial<PositionSettings> {
   floatingElementRef?: React.RefObject<Element | null>
   anchorElementRef?: React.RefObject<Element | null>
@@ -100,6 +121,37 @@ export function useAnchoredPosition(
   useResizeObserver(updatePosition) // watches for changes in window size
   useResizeObserver(updatePosition, floatingElementRef as React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>) // watches for changes in floating element size
 
+  // Recalculate position when any scrollable ancestor of the anchor scrolls.
+  // Uses requestAnimationFrame to avoid layout thrashing during scroll.
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    const anchorEl = anchorElementRef.current
+    if (!anchorEl) return
+
+    let rafId: number | null = null
+    const handleScroll = () => {
+      if (rafId !== null) return
+      rafId = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        rafId = null
+        updatePosition()
+      })
+    }
+
+    const scrollables = getScrollableAncestors(anchorEl)
+    for (const scrollable of scrollables) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line github/prefer-observers -- IntersectionObserver cannot detect continuous scroll position changes needed for repositioning
+      scrollable.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
+    }
+
+    return () => {
+      for (const scrollable of scrollables) {
+        scrollable.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll)
+      }
+      if (rafId !== null) {
+        cancelAnimationFrame(rafId)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [anchorElementRef, updatePosition])
+
   return {
     floatingElementRef,
     anchorElementRef,