fix(python): merge request headers case-insensitively

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/api.mustache

@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
 
         _path_params: Dict[str, str] = {}
         _query_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-        _header_params: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = _headers or {}
+        _header_params: Dict[str, Any] = self.api_client._merge_headers(_headers)
         _form_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
         _files: Dict[
             str, Union[str, bytes, List[str], List[bytes], List[Tuple[str, bytes]]]
@@ -387,12 +387,12 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
 {{#headerParams}}
         if {{paramName}} is not None:
             {{#vendorExtensions.x-python-json-header}}
-            _header_params['{{baseName}}'] = json.dumps(
+            self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, '{{baseName}}', json.dumps(
                 self.api_client.sanitize_for_serialization({{paramName}})
-            )
+            ))
             {{/vendorExtensions.x-python-json-header}}
             {{^vendorExtensions.x-python-json-header}}
-            _header_params['{{baseName}}'] = {{paramName}}
+            self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, '{{baseName}}', {{paramName}})
             {{/vendorExtensions.x-python-json-header}}
 {{/headerParams}}
         # process the form parameters
@@ -431,13 +431,13 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
         {{/isQueryParam}}
         {{#isHeaderParam}}
         # Set client side default value of Header Param "{{baseName}}".
-        _header_params['{{baseName}}'] = {{#_enum}}'{{{.}}}'{{/_enum}}
+        self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, '{{baseName}}', {{#_enum}}'{{{.}}}'{{/_enum}})
         {{/isHeaderParam}}
         {{/constantParams}}
 
         {{#hasProduces}}
         # set the HTTP header `Accept`
-        if 'Accept' not in _header_params:
+        if not any(key.lower() == 'accept' for key in _header_params):
             _header_params['Accept'] = self.api_client.select_header_accept(
                 [{{#produces}}
                     '{{{mediaType}}}'{{^-last}}, {{/-last}}{{/produces}}
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
         {{#hasConsumes}}
         # set the HTTP header `Content-Type`
         if _content_type:
-            _header_params['Content-Type'] = _content_type
+            self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, 'Content-Type', _content_type)
         else:
             _default_content_type = (
                 self.api_client.select_header_content_type(
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
                 )
             )
             if _default_content_type is not None:
-                _header_params['Content-Type'] = _default_content_type
+                self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, 'Content-Type', _default_content_type)
         {{/hasConsumes}}
 
         # authentication setting

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/api_client.mustache

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from threading import Lock
 {{/compatibleWithPythonLegacyApi}}
 
 from urllib.parse import quote
-from typing import Tuple, Optional, List, Dict, Union{{#compatibleWithPythonLegacy}}, Any{{/compatibleWithPythonLegacy}}
+from typing import Any, Tuple, Optional, List, Dict, Union
 from pydantic import SecretStr
 
 from {{packageName}}.configuration import Configuration
@@ -231,16 +231,36 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
     @property
     def user_agent(self):
         """User agent for this API client"""
-        return self.default_headers['User-Agent']
+        for name, value in reversed(self.default_headers.items()):
+            if name.lower() == 'user-agent':
+                return value
+        raise KeyError('User-Agent')
 
     @user_agent.setter
     def user_agent(self, value):
-        self.default_headers['User-Agent'] = value
+        self._set_header(self.default_headers, 'User-Agent', value)
 
     def set_default_header(self, header_name, header_value):
-        self.default_headers[header_name] = header_value
+        self._set_header(self.default_headers, header_name, header_value)
 
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_header(headers: Dict[str, Any], name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Replace a header case-insensitively, retaining the winning spelling."""
+        for key in list(headers):
+            if key.lower() == name.lower():
+                del headers[key]
+        headers[name] = value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _merge_headers(cls, *sources: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Copy headers; later sources and later entries in each dict win."""
+        headers: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for source in sources:
+            for name, value in (source or {}).items():
+                cls._set_header(headers, name, value)
+        return headers
+
     _default = None
 
 {{#useIndependentImplicitClients}}
@@ -321,10 +341,9 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
         config = self.configuration
 
         # header parameters
-        header_params = header_params or {}
-        header_params.update(self.default_headers)
+        header_params = self._merge_headers(header_params, self.default_headers)
         if self.cookie:
-            header_params['Cookie'] = self.cookie
+            self._set_header(header_params, 'Cookie', self.cookie)
         if header_params:
             header_params = self.sanitize_for_serialization(header_params)
             header_params = dict(
@@ -856,7 +875,11 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
         :param auth_setting: auth settings for the endpoint
         """
         if auth_setting['in'] == 'cookie':
-            if not 'Cookie' in headers:
+            for key in list(headers):
+                if key.lower() == 'cookie':
+                    self._set_header(headers, 'Cookie', headers[key])
+                    break
+            if not headers.get('Cookie'):
                 headers['Cookie'] = ""
             else:
                 headers['Cookie'] += "; "
@@ -865,15 +888,16 @@ https://github.com/OpenAPITools/openapi-generator/blob/c84b949df1a9ec04ba75989cb
             headers['Cookie'] += f"{auth_setting['key']}={cookie_value}"
         elif auth_setting['in'] == 'header':
             if auth_setting['type'] != 'http-signature':
-                headers[auth_setting['key']] = auth_setting['value']
+                self._set_header(headers, auth_setting['key'], auth_setting['value'])
             {{#hasHttpSignatureMethods}}
             else:
                 # The HTTP signature scheme requires multiple HTTP headers
                 # that are calculated dynamically.
                 signing_info = self.configuration.signing_info
                 auth_headers = signing_info.get_http_signature_headers(
                 resource_path, method, headers, body, queries)
-                headers.update(auth_headers)
+                for name, value in auth_headers.items():
+                    self._set_header(headers, name, value)
             {{/hasHttpSignatureMethods}}
         elif auth_setting['in'] == 'query':
             queries.append((auth_setting['key'], auth_setting['value']))

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/asyncio/rest.mustache

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
 
 import aiohttp
 import aiohttp_retry
+from multidict import CIMultiDict
 
 from {{packageName}}.exceptions import ApiException, ApiValueError
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ class RESTClientObject:
             )
 
         post_params = post_params or {}
-        headers = headers or {}
+        headers = CIMultiDict(headers or {})
         # url already contains the URL query string
         timeout = _request_timeout or 5 * 60
 

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/common_README.mustache

@@ -108,3 +108,33 @@ Class | Method | HTTP request | Description
 
 {{#apiInfo}}{{#apis}}{{#-last}}{{infoEmail}}
 {{/-last}}{{/apis}}{{/apiInfo}}
+
+## Request headers
+
+Header names are compared case-insensitively in all Python client libraries.
+Request headers are copied; supplying `_headers` does not change the caller's dict
+or the client's shared defaults. The public `_headers` argument retains its dict
+validation and existing value serialization. Pydantic can coerce mappings such as HTTPX `Headers` to a dict,
+combining repeated fields into a single value; `_headers` does not provide a
+repeated-field or list-of-pairs API.
+
+Precedence, from lowest to highest:
+
+1. `_headers` (within one dict, the last inserted case variant wins).
+2. Explicit OpenAPI header parameters and generated `Content-Type` (or `_content_type`).
+   Generated `Accept` is added only when neither `_headers` nor explicit header
+   parameters contain an `Accept` case variant.
+3. `ApiClient.default_headers` (including headers set with `set_default_header`).
+4. The client's `cookie` setting, for `Cookie`.
+5. Authentication headers. A non-empty `_request_auth` replaces configured
+   authentication for that call; `{}` retains configured authentication. Cookie
+   authentication appends to the selected `Cookie` value.
+
+This retains the existing precedence for identically spelled names and extends it
+to case variants. To override a generated content type, use `_content_type`;
+client defaults still take precedence over it. The winning header's spelling and
+value are retained for replacements. Cookie authentication uses the canonical
+`Cookie` spelling and appends its value. Values containing legitimate
+comma-separated lists are not split or deduplicated. This does not remove
+duplicate values inside a header or change the handling of repeated fields
+supplied directly to the transport.

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/httpx/rest.mustache

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RESTClientObject:
             )
 
         post_params = post_params or {}
-        headers = headers or {}
+        headers = {{httpxModule}}.Headers(headers or {})
         timeout = _request_timeout or 5 * 60
 
         if 'Content-Type' not in headers:

modules/openapi-generator/src/main/resources/python/rest.mustache

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class RESTClientObject:
             )
 
         post_params = post_params or {}
-        headers = headers or {}
+        headers = urllib3.HTTPHeaderDict(headers or {})
 
         timeout = None
         if _request_timeout:

modules/openapi-generator/src/test/java/org/openapitools/codegen/python/PythonClientCodegenTest.java

@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ public void testJsonContentHeaderUsesJsonSerialization() throws IOException {
         TestUtils.assertFileContains(
                 api,
                 "import json",
-                "_header_params['X-Json-Arg'] = json.dumps(",
+                "self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, 'X-Json-Arg', json.dumps(",
                 "self.api_client.sanitize_for_serialization(x_json_arg)",
-                "_header_params['X-Plain-Arg'] = x_plain_arg");
+                "self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, 'X-Plain-Arg', x_plain_arg)");
 
         TestUtils.assertFileNotContains(
                 api,
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ public void testHandleConstantParams() throws IOException {
         File apiFile = files
                 .get(Paths.get(output.getAbsolutePath(), "openapi_client", "api", "hello_example_api.py").toString());
         assertNotNull(apiFile);
-        assertFileContains(apiFile.toPath(), "_header_params['X-CUSTOM_CONSTANT_HEADER'] = 'CONSTANT_VALUE'");
+        assertFileContains(apiFile.toPath(), "self.api_client._set_header(_header_params, 'X-CUSTOM_CONSTANT_HEADER', 'CONSTANT_VALUE')");
         assertFileContains(apiFile.toPath(), "_query_params.append(('CONSTANT_QUERY_STRING_KEY', 'CONSTANT_QUERY_STRING_VALUE'))");
     }
 

samples/client/echo_api/python-disallowAdditionalPropertiesIfNotPresent/README.md

@@ -165,3 +165,33 @@ Authentication schemes defined for the API:
 
 team@openapitools.org
 
+
+## Request headers
+
+Header names are compared case-insensitively in all Python client libraries.
+Request headers are copied; supplying `_headers` does not change the caller's dict
+or the client's shared defaults. The public `_headers` argument retains its dict
+validation and existing value serialization. Pydantic can coerce mappings such as HTTPX `Headers` to a dict,
+combining repeated fields into a single value; `_headers` does not provide a
+repeated-field or list-of-pairs API.
+
+Precedence, from lowest to highest:
+
+1. `_headers` (within one dict, the last inserted case variant wins).
+2. Explicit OpenAPI header parameters and generated `Content-Type` (or `_content_type`).
+   Generated `Accept` is added only when neither `_headers` nor explicit header
+   parameters contain an `Accept` case variant.
+3. `ApiClient.default_headers` (including headers set with `set_default_header`).
+4. The client's `cookie` setting, for `Cookie`.
+5. Authentication headers. A non-empty `_request_auth` replaces configured
+   authentication for that call; `{}` retains configured authentication. Cookie
+   authentication appends to the selected `Cookie` value.
+
+This retains the existing precedence for identically spelled names and extends it
+to case variants. To override a generated content type, use `_content_type`;
+client defaults still take precedence over it. The winning header's spelling and
+value are retained for replacements. Cookie authentication uses the canonical
+`Cookie` spelling and appends its value. Values containing legitimate
+comma-separated lists are not split or deduplicated. This does not remove
+duplicate values inside a header or change the handling of repeated fields
+supplied directly to the transport.

samples/client/echo_api/python-disallowAdditionalPropertiesIfNotPresent/openapi_client/api/auth_api.py

@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def _test_auth_http_basic_serialize(
 
         _path_params: Dict[str, str] = {}
         _query_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-        _header_params: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = _headers or {}
+        _header_params: Dict[str, Any] = self.api_client._merge_headers(_headers)
         _form_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
         _files: Dict[
             str, Union[str, bytes, List[str], List[bytes], List[Tuple[str, bytes]]]
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def _test_auth_http_basic_serialize(
 
 
         # set the HTTP header `Accept`
-        if 'Accept' not in _header_params:
+        if not any(key.lower() == 'accept' for key in _header_params):
             _header_params['Accept'] = self.api_client.select_header_accept(
                 [
                     'text/plain'
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ def _test_auth_http_bearer_serialize(
 
         _path_params: Dict[str, str] = {}
         _query_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-        _header_params: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = _headers or {}
+        _header_params: Dict[str, Any] = self.api_client._merge_headers(_headers)
         _form_params: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
         _files: Dict[
             str, Union[str, bytes, List[str], List[bytes], List[Tuple[str, bytes]]]
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ def _test_auth_http_bearer_serialize(
 
 
         # set the HTTP header `Accept`
-        if 'Accept' not in _header_params:
+        if not any(key.lower() == 'accept' for key in _header_params):
             _header_params['Accept'] = self.api_client.select_header_accept(
                 [
                     'text/plain'