feat(transport): add HTTP retry with exponential backoff

[jpnurmi]

Add sentry_options_set_http_retries() to configure retry attempts for transient network errors. Failed envelopes are stored as <db>/cache/<ts>-<n>-<uuid>.envelope and retried with exponential backoff (15min, 30min, 1h, 2h, 8h) modeled after Crashpad's upload retry behavior. When retries are exhausted, and offline caching is enabled, envelopes are stored as <db>/cache/<uuid>.envelope instead of being discarded.

flowchart TD
    startup --> R{retry?}
    R -->|yes| throttle
    R -->|no| C{cache?}
    throttle -. 100ms .-> resend
    resend -->|success| C
    resend -->|fail| C2[&lt;db&gt;/cache/<br/>&lt;ts&gt;-&lt;n&gt;-&lt;uuid&gt;.envelope]
    C2 --> backoff
    backoff -. 2ⁿ×15min .-> resend
    C -->|yes| CACHE[&lt;db&gt;/cache/<br/>&lt;uuid&gt;.envelope]
    C -->|no| discard

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See also: https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/expected-features/#buffer-to-disk

Depends on:

•  feat(sync): add delayed task submission for throttling #1506
• ref: parse event_id from raw envelopes #1512
• ref(transport): unify and restructure HTTP transport layer #1514

See also:

• Support Offline Caching of Envelopes #1316

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