feat(core): pass bound domain to provider init and enforce domain-scoped binding

[jonathannorris]

Summary

• Add optional domain: keyword to provider init and pass the bound domain from the provider mutator (spec 1.1.2.2, 2.4.1)
• Add domain_scoped? provider declaration and reject binding a domain-scoped instance to more than one domain (spec 2.4.3, 1.1.8.1)
• Add conformance tests, including legacy single-argument init backward compatibility

Motivation

Unblocks OFREP static-context providers that need the bound domain at init time to scope persisted cache keys per open-feature/spec#393 and protocol ADR 0009.

Parallel implementations: js-sdk#1433, java-sdk#1982, python-sdk#616.

Notes

• Non-breaking: domain: is an optional keyword on init
• Non-domain-scoped providers retain existing behavior (single instance can back multiple domains; init runs once)
• Legacy providers that only implement init(evaluation_context) remain compatible; the registry inspects the init signature on the class and omits domain: when it is not accepted

Test plan

• bundle exec rspec (431 examples)
• bundle exec steep check
• bundle exec standardrb

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 99.52%. Comparing base (0e986fd) to head (fc504e7).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #298      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   99.50%   99.52%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files          31       31              
  Lines         808      851      +43     
==========================================
+ Hits          804      847      +43     
  Misses          4        4              

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