[CI] update code.coverage job to report on all components and preview features

[dbarker]

Fixes # (issue)

Code coverage does not include all components and preview features. This PR expands coverage reporting.

Changes

• run the coverage test with test_common/cmake/all-options-abiv2-preview.cmake CMake cache to cover all components and preview features with ABI v2.
• update the ci code coverage runner to Ubuntu 24.04

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.72%. Comparing base (33aa826) to head (0f04c99).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4002      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.18%   81.72%   -8.46%     
==========================================
  Files         230      374     +144     
  Lines        7299    15767    +8468     
==========================================
+ Hits         6582    12884    +6302     
- Misses        717     2883    +2166     

see 263 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

[dbarker]

Updated report shows the coverage of components not previously included (otlp exporters, resource detectors, ...):
https://app.codecov.io/gh/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-cpp/commit/0f04c99de95cf151347fc430a7dedca1520d75e4/tree?dropdown=coverage